Thermostatic element



Jan 4, 1944- y l s. w. E. ANDERssoN 2,338,563*

' THERMoS'rATrc ELEMENT Filed Aug. 14, 1941 SheetS-Sheet 1 INVENTOR .y Jan. 4, 1944.

S. W. E. ANDERSSON THERMOSTATIC ELEMENT Filed Aug. 14, 1941 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR d: ATTORNEY Egg? Jan 4, 1944- s. w. EQ ANDERssN 2,338,553

THERMOSTATIC ELEMENT Filed Aug. 14, 1941 3 sheets-Sheet :5

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. lheat transfer. ltive portion is preferably arranged so that it is Patented Jan. 4, 1944 2,338,563 Y 'rnERMosTATIc ELEMENT Sven W. E. Andersson, Evansville, Ind., assignor to Servel, Inc., New York, N. Y., a corporation of Delaware Application August 14, 1941, Serial No. 406,778

4 claims. (01; 20o-140) .This invention relates to thermostatic elements, and more particularly to such elements of the vapor charged type.

It is an object of the invention to provide an improvement whereby the responsiveness of thermostatic elements is improved considerably without impairing the .sensitivity of such ele- This is accomplished by providing a thermostatic element which is charged with a suitable volatile fluid and includes an expansible and contractible portion from which mechanical energy is derived, and another portion which is in uid communication with the expansible portion and referred to as the thermal sensitive portion. During operation, the expansible and contractible portion is always maintained at a slightly higher temperature than the thermal sensitive portion, as by articial heating, so that the thermal sensitive portion will always be at a lower temperature than other portions of the thermostatic element with the internal pressure thereof always corresponding to the temperature.

of the thermal sensitive portion. A The thermal sensitive portion is preferably formed of very thin material so that it'will have a small mass for low heat capacity, the thin material possessing good heat conductivityr` to effect rapidr The thin walled thermal sensireadily influenced by thetemperature in the environment in which it is disposed, whereby the expansiblefand contractible portion will respond rapidly to produce mechanical movement, cor- Vresponding to'temperature change.

A The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention are set forth with particularity in the claims. The invention, both as to organization and method, together with the above and other objects and advantages thereof, will be better understood by reference to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings forming a part of this specification, and of which:

Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a controlprovided.. with a thermostatic element embodying the invention;

Fig.` 2 is a vertical sectional view of the control shown in Fig. 1 to illustrate the thermostatic element more clearly;l

Fig. 3 is a horizontal sectional view, taken at line 3-3 of Fig. 2, to illustrate more clearly parts of the control with which the thermo` static element is associated;

Fig. 4 is a vertical sectional view, taken at line` 4-4 of Fig. 2, to'illustrate more clearly the posi- .tioning of the thermostatic element in the control; f

Fig. 5 is a side View, taken at line 5 5 of Fig. 4, to illustrate more clearly thefmannerin which the thermostatic element is embodied in the control; 4

Fig. 6 is a View diagrammatically illustrating the electrical circuit in which the control is connected; and

Fig. 7 is a view diagrammatically illustrating a cooling system with which is associated the electrical circuit illustrated in Fig. 6 having connected therein the control embodying the invention. l.

Referring to Fig. 7, the invention is shown in connection with a cooling system comprising a refrigeration unit having a cooling element I Il f arranged in a duct system. l The duct system includes a duct I2 through which air is withdrawn from the enclosure IIA by a blower I4, the .air being discharged by the blower into a duct l5 through which it is returned to the enclosure. During operation of the refrigeration unit, cooling effect is transmitted by cooling element I U to air flowing through duct l5.

The cooling Aelement I0 forms part of a refrigeration unit of a two-pressure absorption type and like that described in application Serial No. 239,762 of A. R. Thomasand P. P. Anderson,

- Jr., filed November 10, 1938. In a system of this type liquid refrigerant, such as, for example, water, is introduced into the upper part of cooling element I0 from a condenser I6 through a path of flow including a conduit II. The liquid refrigerant evaporates in cooling element IU with consequent absorption of heat to produce 'througl a refrigerating or cooling effect to cool airv passing through duct I5, as explained above.

The refrigerant vapor formed in cooling element I0 flows therefrom to an absorber I8 in which the vapor is absorbed into a liquid absorbent, such as, for example, lithium chloride solution. I'he absorption liquid enriched in refrigerant is conductedfrom absorber I8 to generator I9 through a path of flow including aconduit 20, a rst passage in liquid heat exchanger 2l, a conduit 22,- a vessel 23 and conduit 24. Within generator I9 are disposed a plurality of riser tubes enveloped by a chamber formed by the outer shell to which steam is supplied va conduit 25 from ,a `boiler-2Ii. 'I'he chamberformed by the outer shell o1 the generator I9 provides for full length heating of the part of the outer shell. A trap conduit 9 is connected to the bottom part of the outer shell to provide a drain forv condensate formed in the generator I9.

The heating of the riser tubes by the steam causes refrigerant vapor to be expelled from the upper part of cooling element I 0, as explained above, to complete the refrigerating cycle.

The raised absorption liquid from which refrigerant vapor has been expelled is conducted from the upper part of generator I9 to absorber I8 to absorb refrigerant vapor, this liquid being conducted to the absorber' in a path of iiow including a conduit 29, -a second passage in liquid heat exchanger 2|, and conduit 30 which is connected to the upper part of the absorber.

The condenser I5 and ,absorber I8 constitute heat rejecting parts of the refrigeration unit and are cooled by a suitable cooling medium, such as, for example, water, which is conducted from a suitable source of supply through a conduit 3| to a bank of tubes 32 within the absorber whereby heat, resulting froml absorption of refrigerant vapor by liquid adsorbent, is given up to the cooling water. The water is conducted from absorber I8 through a conduit 32 to condenser I5 in which heat of condensation, resulting from condensation of refrigerant vapor, is given up to thecooling water. The cooling water leaves the condenser I5 through a conduit 33.

In Vorder toy simplify the drawings the parts of of the refrigeration unitA having not been shown in'detail, such an illustration of the parts not being necessary for an understanding of this invention. The disclosure in the aforementioned Thomas and Anderson application may be considered` as being incorporated in this applica-` tion and, if desired, reference may be made thereto fora detailed description of the refrigeration unit.

The steam boiler 25 is varranged to be heated by a burner 34, the flame of which is adapted 1 to project into a heating tube 35 disposed'within the boiler.

After passing through the heating tube 'the combustion gases are discharged through a vertical flue 35. The heating of boiler 25- by burner 34 produces steam which passes through conduit 25 to generator 29.

A combustible gas is delivered to burner 34 through a conduit 38 from a suitable source of supply, the flow of such gas beingcontrolled by an electro-magnetically operated valve' 39. Suitable tubing l0 is connected to conduit 35 and arranged4 to terminate in the vicinity of the burner '3i to provide, a pilot ilame for igniting the gas discharged from the burner when the valve 39 .is lopened after a period when no gas flows to the burner.

The valve 39, which controls the flow of gas to burner 34 and hencejthe cooling effected by cooling element Il, is operated vby a control device 50. As diagrammatically vshown in Fig. '1, the control device 59 is located-in the enclosure the electro-magnetically operated valve 39 responsive to a temperature condition ail'ected-by air in the enclosure.

Referring now more particularly to Figs. 1 to aesases Acured an agie member 53, as shown in Fig. 2,

having the horizontal part thereof serving as a support for a switch 54. The switch 54 is enclosed in a casing 55 and provided with a snapacting operating lever 55 which extends through the top of the casing 5I. The switch 54 may be of the single-pole, single-throw type, as diagrammatically illustrated in Fig. 6, and in connected in an electrical circuit including valve 39, in a manner to be described presently.

A U-shaped main bracket 51 is located within the casing 5| with the horizontal arms thereof secured at their rear ends by screws 58 .to the backplate 52. A vertical plate 59, which will be referred to as a swinging or' hinged door, is i journaled at to the top and bottom horizontal' arms of main bracket 51. A tongue 5I is secured at one edge by screws 52 to the hinged door 59, as shown in Fig. 4.` At a region near the hinge side of thedswinging door 59 the latter is formed with a threaded opening to receive a set screw 53 which is.v positioned to bear against the free end of tongue 5I.

Referring more particularly to Fig. 5 the hingeddoor 59 is biased toward the front of casing 5I by coil springs 54 each having one end secured to the front vertical part of main bracket 51 and the other end secured to the edge of the swinging door 59 to which the tongue 5I is secured. In the path of movement of the swinging door .59 is disposed a pin or plunger 55 of a switch 56 which is mounted by screws 51 to the vertical part of main bracket 51, as best shown in Fig. 3. AS diagrammatically illustrated in Fig. 6, the switch 55 isl spring-biased to a first position to complete an electric circuit and is movable to another positionto open or break the electric Il so that it is capable of effecting control of circuit when plunger 55 is moved toward the front vertical 4part of main bracket 51. The switch 55 may be of a well known micro-switch type which is operated with only a relatively 'short movement of the plunger or pin 55. `Movement of the.pin 55 toward the leit in Fig. 2 is effected by movement of the swinging door 59 toward the front vertical part of main bracket 51. When the hinged door 59 moves toward the rear of control device 50, the pin ,55 also moves toward the right since the movable element 58 of switch 55 is spring-biased to move to the rearqposition, as diagrammatically illustrated inl Fig. 6. o,

The screws 51 which hold the switch 55 in position are eilectively insulated from o ne another, the openings throughywhich they pass in the vertical part of main bracket 51 being considerably largerl thanv the screws..The screws 51 l and switch 55 areproperly located in position to the front vertical part of main bracket 51, asshown most clearly in Fig. 2. The positioning plate 10 is formed of insulating material and provided with openings which are approximately `the size of screws 51, whereby the latter are vpositioned to hold switch 55 in itsdesired re1a..

tionship with other parts of the control device 5I.

An expansible iiuid thermostat, which operates responsive to a temperature-condition of the air in enclosurell, is employed to cause swinging door 59 to move rearwardly against the action l 'v o'fcoil springs 54; The expansible fluid thermo. '75

stat includes a thermal bulb 15 which is located in the bottom part 16 of control device 60. The

bottom part 19 is formed of suitable material having poor thermal conductivity, such as Bakelite, for example, and is provided with a recess 11 in the extreme lower part and openings 18 in the front and side walls thereof. The thermal bulb is located in the lrecess 11 Vopposite the side opening 16, so that air circulating in the enclosure or space readily contacts and flows over the exterior surfaces of the thermal bulb 15. The rear part'of bulb 15 i's held in position by a lock plate 19, also formed of a material having poor thermal conductivity, which is fastened in any suitable manner to the bottom of the block r16. The thermal bulb 15 is connected by a capillary tube 80 to a pair of expansible and contractible elementsl 8|and 82. As best shown in Figs. 2 and 4, the capillary tube 80 passes through an opening in the rear of block 16 and also through a slot in the bottom horizontal arm of main bracket 51. The upper end of capillary tube 80 is spirally wound about a hollow hub member 83 having a passage to which the extreme upper end of the capillary tube is secured. As shown most clearly in Fig. 2, the hub member 63 is secured by screws `84 to the swinging door 59. By clamping the capillary tube 80 at 83 tov the bottom horizontal arm of main bracket 51, movements of the thermal bulb 15 and also the bottom part of the capillary tube will not be transmitted to the spirally Wound upper part thereof.

The elements 8| and 82 are in the form of expansible bellows or hollow diaphragme with one face of rear bellows 82 secured to hub member 83 and the other face thereof secured toa second hollow hub member 85. One face of the 9| will remain at the position to which it is adjusted, a coil spring 94 ls interposed between the rear of plate 9| and the front vertical part of main bracket 51.

Within and at the rear of casing 5| is'- provided y a heating element 95 which is connected to terminals 96 and 91 on a panel 98 fixed to the rear side of backplate 52, as shown in Fig. 2, such panel being diagrammatlcally illustrated in Fig.

6. The manually operable switch 54 at the top of control device 50, and switch 66 which is operable in accordance with rise and fall of temperature in the enclosure are connected in an electrical circuit having connections to the terminals on the panel 98.

In order to Vsimplify as much as possible the illustrations of the structural features in Figs. 1 to 5 inclusive, the electrical connections of the switches 54 and 66 to the terminals on panel 99 have been omitted in these figures. The connections to theA panel 98 of the switches described above are, however, diagrammatically illustrated in Fig. 6 to facilitate an understanding of the electrical circuit.

When it is desired to operate the refrigeration unit to effect cooling of air, -switch 54 of control device 50 is operated by moving the lever or memfront bellows 8| is secured to the hub member 85 and the other face thereof is in the form of a solid disc or diaphragm. The expansible bellows 8| and 82, capillary tube 80 and thermal bulb 15 constitute a thermostatic element, which will be described more fully hereinafter and which is charged with a suitable volatile fluid having .an increasingly higher pressure with rise of temperature causing swelling of the bellows, and a decreasingly lower pressure with fall of temperature permitting contraction of the bellows.

To the Yperipheral edge portion of bellows 8| is xed one end of a, leaf spring 86, the other end of which is provided with a depressionengaged to contact and engage the center region of the bellows. The depression in leaf spring 86 receives a tapered en d of a pin 91, the other tapered end of which ts in a recess formed in a set screw 88. The tapered ends of pin 61 are .slightly rounded and lapped in to insure permanent calibration of the :control device 50. The set 'screw 88 threadedly engages an adjustment nut 89 which in turn threadedl'y engages a bushlng 90 secured in an opening in the front vertical part of imain bracket 51.

A circularplate 9|, upon which a suitable dial is adapted to 'be mounted, is flxed'to the front part of adjustment nut 89. The peripheral edge of plate 9| is serrated and arranged to be accessiber 56 at the top of casing 5| to cause the movable switch element 99 in Fig. 6 to move from the off position to the on position. When the temperature of air tends to rise above the temperature setting of the dial in the window 93 of casing 5|., the pressure of the volatile fluid in the expansible fluid thermostat increases to cause suilicient swelling of the bellows 8| and 82 to cause the refrigeration unit to operate to effect cooling of air. With such swelling of bellows 8| and 82 the swinging door 59 is forced rearwardly from the front vertical part of main bracket 91 against4 the action of 'coil springs 64. As diagrammatically illustrated in Fig. 6, the rearward l moyement of the swinging door permits moveble at a notch or opening 92 in casing 5|to facilithe plate 9|, therefore, the dial: associated therevwith can be turned so that the desired temperature reading will be opposite the notch ,formed in window'93. In order to insure that the dialment of the pin or plunger toward the right with sufficient swelling of .the bellows 8| and 82 to permit snap action .movement of the element 68 from the position shown in dotted lines to that shown in solid lines, whereby an electrical circuit is completed for the electro-magnetically operated valve 39 tocause the latter to open and permit flow of gas to burner 34.

The electrical circuit for the valve 39 from the source of electrical energy includes conductors |00 and |0|, element 99 of switch 64, conductor |02, element 68 of switch 66, and conductor |03 to one terminal of the electro-magnetically operated valve 39. From the other terminal of the ,valve 39 the circuit is completed through conductors |04 and |05 back to the source of electrical energy. When the element 68 moves to its solid line position inFig. 6, therefore, the' above-described circuitl is completed to cause energizatlon of the electro-magnetically operated valve 39. The opening` of valve 39 allows fuel to be supplied through cond'uit 38 to the burner 34 so that the boiler 26 will be heated to produce steam for operating the refrigeration unit in the manner explained above. With blower |4 operating to withdraw air from enclosure air is caused to pass over the surfaces of cooling element I0 in duct I5 through which the cooled air is returned to the enclosure I I.

Conversely, when the temperature air in enclosure ,I falls, the bellows 8| and" 82 contract due to decrease in pressure o1' the volatile fluid `within the. expansible fluid thermostat. With contraction of the bellows the coil springs 64 are eifective to pull the swinging door 59 toward the front vertical part of rear bracket 59. When the swinging door 59 has moved forward suiciently, the pin or plunger 65 of the switch 66 causes the element 68 associated therewith to move with a snap action to the dotted line position in Fig. 6. With such movement of element 68, the electrical circuit for the valve 39 is broken, thereby permitting the latter to close and shut ofi flow of fuel to burner 34. When burner 34 is rendered inoperative and heat is no longer supplied to boiler 26, the supply of steam to generator I9 is cut off so that the cooling effect produced by cooling ele-` ment I will be reduced.

The interrelation of the component parts of the control device 50 is such that sensitive and dependable control of air temperature is effected.

In a control which has been built and embodyingJ features like those illustrated in Figs. 1 to 5 inclusive and described above, a switch of the micro-switch type and generally like that disclosed in Patent No. 1,960,020, is employed as the switch 66. A switch of this type can be caused to operate witha temperature change in a range between 0.3 to 0.6 F.; that is, with such temperature change a snap-action of the switch is effected. In the control referred to above, the bellows 8l and 8? are formed of beryllium-copper approximately .016 inch thick with the diaphragms being heat-treated to maximum hardness after the peripheral edges thereof have been. secured by silver solder.

'Ihe bellows 8l and 82 formed of beryllium-copper together expand approximately .0016 inch per degree of Fahrenheit to effect a snap-action movement of switch 66, a movement of only .00015 to .00035 inch being re- `quired with a change in pressure of 1.1/4l to 2 ounces on the plunger or pin 65.

The expansible iiuid thermostat of which the bellows being described form a part preferably has a so-called limited charge of isobutane,that is, the charge of volatile iluid is suiicient to produce saturated vapor with a temperature as high as 95 F., which is safely above the upper limit of the thermostat adjustment of the control device 50. p In such case the bellows 8| and 82 contain superheated vapor above 95 F., so that the pressure at extremely high temperatures often Y encountered during shipping and storage only inf 'creases slowly accordingto the ideal gas law. By

employing an expansible fluid thermostat having only a limited charge, the pressure increase that occurs withrise of temperature above the normal Vworking temperature range is limited, so that the diaphragms of the bellows can be f ormed from relatively thinmaterial from which more useful movement can be obtained.

It is desirable to employ a volatile fluid having a high vapor pressure, such as'isobutane, for example, in order to reduce the effect of barometric changes. The thickness of the diaphragms forming the bellows 0I and 02 and the size thereof should always be selected so that straining above the elastic limit is avoided under all the condition, the heater is provided to cause heating of air-within the casing 5I, so that the bellows 8| and 82 and amajor part of the capillary tube 80 will be disposed in an environment which is at a slightly higher temperature than the bulb l5 located in the recess 11 formed in the bottom part 4 I6 -of the control device.

In any system charged with a volatile fluid,

the pressure therein always corresponds to the temperature of the coldest part, because the temperature attained by the coldest part determines the amount of volatile fluid) in liquid phase and in gas or vapor phase. When the temperature of the coldest part rises, a greater amount of volatile fluidv is in gas phase to cause the pressure in the system to increase; and conversely, when the' temperature of the coldest part falls, some condensation occurs with'asmaller amount of volatile fluid in gas phase to bring about a reduc- ,tion of pressure in the system.

,In order to insure" that the thermal bulb 'l5 will always be at a lower temperature than other parts of the thermostatic element, and hence serve as the only sensitive part of the element, the other parts or portions thereof comprising the capillary tube 80 and bellows 8| and 82 are always kept somewhat above the ambient temperature by the heating element 95. With the thermal bulb 'l5 serving as the only sensitive part vof the thermostatic element, the bulb is preferably formed of very thin material having good heat conductivity in order to reduce its heat capacity to a minimum.

One of the factors to be considered in obtaining a control which responds rapidly is the internal volume of the entire thermostatic Aeleirient oi which the sensitive bulb forms a part. For a given transfer of heat to the sensitive bulb a definite quantity lof volatile liquid vaporizes, and the smaller the internal volume of the thermostatic element the greater will be the pressure increase resulting from vaporization of such definite quantity of volatile liquid. Hence, it is exceedingly important' to employ a thermostatic element having as small an internal volume as practicable and at the same timel of such proportion that adequate mechanical energy will be produced to cause operation of the `control device 50.

The thin-walled thermal bulb 'i5 at the bottom of the control device is well exposed to the air so that the thermostatic element as a whole responds rapidly to changes in air temperature.

It is desirable to form the bulb 15 as small as' ,L elements of the Vapor-charged typewhich employ expansible and contractible bellows alone and are relatively sluggish in operation, because of the relativelyy large amount of heat required to be taken upa'nd given off by the diaphragm metal forming the bellows.

With the so-.called limited charge of isobutane, for example, the sensitive bulb 'l5 only contains volatile liquid in the order of a few hundredthsA of a cubic inch at the lower regulating temperature of F. With riseof air temperature heat from air is transmitted through the thin-walled sensitive bulb 'l5 to cause some `vaporization of the liquid. Since a greater amount of volatile uid is now in gas phase within the thermcstatic element, the internal pressure increases to impart mechanical movement oi' the control parts, the bellows 8l and 82` acting with considerable power to effectx movement of the swinging door 59. Conversely, with fall of-air temperature, heat is immediately given up by the volatile fluid through the thinwalled bulb 15 to vcausesome condensation of` vapor. Since less Volatile fluid is now in vapor phase, the internal pressure within thevthermostatic element is reduced to cause or;permit movement of the control parts.v

It should be understood that the heater 95 is continuouslyand constantly heating the interior of casing 5| of the control device 50. The heater 95 is always energized across the source ofelectrical energy through the conductors and |05, as diagrammatically illustrated in Fig. 6. The heater 95 insures that the temperature within casing will always be slightly higher than the temperature of air owing over and in contact with the exterior surfaces of thermal bulb l5, so that the latter will always be the coldest part'oi the thermostatic element. It should be understood that the heater 95 increases and improves the responsiveness of the thermostatic element as a whole. either when it is utilized in connection with a cooling system as illustrated herein and described above or when utilized in a heating system or any other type of device necessitating the employment of a thermostatic element o1' the vapor-charged type. Hence, the heater 95 diiers from the usual type of artificial heater heretofore provided for thermostatic elements in that'such heaters are employed intermittently and not continuously and are utilized only to control a source of heating to offset poor responsiveness by improv- 1118 the sensitivity of the element solelsr to terminate or reduce heating in accordance with a false room temperature.

In the control referred to above in which bellows 8| vand 82 formed of beryllium-copper are employed, the capillary tube 80 is formed of soit annealed copper and the sensitive bulb l5 is formed ofv brass having a wall thickness of .0035 inch and an outside diameter of gli inch. The size of heater 95 is approximately 0.5 watt. which has been found to keep the average temperature may be arranged to serve as the sensitive part of the thermostatic element. If desired. heat dissipating ins may be provided along the capillary tube 80 to reduce the amount of heat transmitted through the tube tothe sensitive bulb '|5. In

order to reduce heat leakage to the bulb through the capillary'tube, the latter may be formed o f material such as, for example, stainless steel,` having poorer heat conductivity than copper.

The casing 5| may be made as air-tight as possible by providing the window 93` with a transparent covering and forming the notch or slot 92 just large enough for a portion of the sex'-,

rated peripheral edge of the dial plate 9| to pass therein.

Instead of using a heating element 95, an

yelectric light bulb may be disposed within the casing 5| -or the purpose of artificially heating the interior of the casing in the same manner as the heater' 95.` With the use of an electric.

light bulb, the dial on which the temperature indicia are formed may be ,made ofl suitable translucent material to render the numerals more' visible and in this way fracilitatingthe setting of the dial.

It has been stated above that by keeping the average temperature within the casing 5| ap- I la when a condition may actually exist requiringwithin the casing |00 approximately 5 F. above I the room temperature. `This temperature diii'erential appears to be sullicient l`1`or ail ordinary conditions, whereby the interior of the control device is well above the ambient temperature even with rapid rise of the latter teinperature.

With the heater being used continuously to heat the interior or casing 5| during periods when operation of the cooling system is required, the control device can be completely enclosed so that the sensitivity oi the control device will not be impaired by accumulation or dust and the like on. parts of the control device. ln order to protect the thermal bulb 15 from the heated space within the casing 5|, the bottom 'i6 is iormed or.

a suitable material, such as Bakelite, i'or example, having poor heat conductivity. While the bottom I6 is formed of insulating material so that the sensitive bulb I5 is as close as possible to room air temperature, the bulb may actually pe one or two degrees above the roon` air temperature due to slight heat leakage yto the bulb. Compensation-can readily be made for such a condition by properly setting the dialon the dial plate 9|. The thermometer on the face of the control device 5|, which is shown in Fig. 1, is also compensated toI indicate the correct room air temperatur'e even though there is heat leakage from within the casing 5|. i

Instead of providinga separate sensitive bulb 15,- the lower end portion or capillary tube 80 additional cooling by the refrigeration unit to bring down the room air temperature. By keepingthe temperature differential within sare limits so that proper operation of the thermostatic element results with air velocities normally encountered in practice, proper control over the operation or' the cooling system is always efiected.

Although a single embodiment of the inven-l trols where movement is imparted to a part by the element with change or temperature. It is thererore' contemplated to coyer all modiii'cations and changes which come within the spirit and scope or' the invention, as pointed out in the ioliowing claims.

what is claimed is:

1. in combination with a control member to which movement is to be imparted, a thermostaticfeiement comprising an expansible and conti'actinle portion, a thermal sensitive portion, and a narrow' tune connecting said expansible and contractiole portion and said thermal sensitive portion, said contractible and expansible portion being operatively associated' with the control member and constructed and arranged to produce mechanical energy with chamges of temperature' to impart movement to the control member, heating means -ior maintaining said expansible and contractible portion at a higher temperature than said thermal sensitive portion, said thermal sensitive portion being formed of aY material having high thermal conductivity and a wall thickness inl the order of .0035 inch, said thermostatic element being adapted to be located in an enclosure in which the temperature oi the air is controlled' responsive-to the control member, said thermal sensitive portion being closely adjacent to said expansible and contractible portion and normally at a temperaturea few degrees above the temperatureof air in the enclosure due to heat conduction along said narrow tube, the internal volume of said thermostatic element being as small aslP practicable having regard to proportioning of lsaid expansible and contractible portion to ensure that adequate mechanical strength will be produced to cause movement to be imparted to the control member, said thermal sensitive portion being more or less freely suspended in`the air so that said thermostatic element as a whole responds rapidly to changes in air temperature, said thermostatic element having a limited charge of a volatile iiuid sufficient to produce only saturated vapor therein at a pre-- determined temperature, so that the internal pressure developed within said thermostatic element at extremely high temperatures above said predetermined temperature only increases slowly aCCOrdDg to the ideal gas law.

2. In combination' with a control member to which movement is to` be imparteda casing Within which such member is located, said casing being radapted to be located in an enclosure in which the temperature oi air is controlled responsive to the control membexg, a thermostatic element comprising an expansible .and contractible por-v tion within said casing,v athermal sensitive por-k tion\outside said casing, and a narrow tube cori-` necting said expansible and contractible portion and said thermal sensitive portion, a movable part within said casing upon which said contractible and .expansible portion is mounted and bodily movable With movement of said part, said contractible and expansible portion being operatively associated with the control meniber and constructed and arranged to produce mechanical energy with changes of temperature to impart movement to the control member, the portion of said narrow tube within said casing being coiled to provide a exible connection to said expansible and contractible portion without adversely affectng movement of the latter with changes of temperature,v means for heating the interior of said casing to maintain said expansible andl contractible portion at a higher temperature than said thermal sensitive portion. said thermal sensitive portion being formed of a material having high thermal conductivity and a wall thickness in the 'order of .0035 inch, said thermal sensitive portion being closely'adjacent to the vicinity of said casing and normally at a temperature a few del grees above the temperature of air in the enclosure due .to heat conduction along said nar-n row tube'and slight heat leakage thereto from within said casing, lthe internal volume of said thermostatic element being as small as practicable having regard to proportioning of said expansible and contractible portion to insure that adequate mechanical strength will be produced to assauts` volatile iluid sumcient to produce only saturated vapor therein at a predetermined temperature, so that the internal pressure developed within said thermostatic element at extremely high temperatures above said predetermined temperature ,only increases slowly according to the ideal gas law.

'3.v In combination with a control memberto which movement is to be imparted, a casing within which such member is located, said casing being adapted to be located vin an enclosure in which the temperature of air is controlled responsive to the control member, a thermostatic element comprising an expansible and contractible portieri within said casing, a thermal sensitive portion outside said casing, and a narrow tube connecting said expansible and contractible portion and said thermal sensitive portion, said contractible and expansible portion being. operatively associated with the control member and constructedv and arranged to produce mechanical energy with changes oi' temperature to impart movement to the control member, means -for heating the in-` terior of said casing to maintain said expansible and contractible portion at a slightly .higher temperature than said thermal sensitive portion, said thermal sensitive portion being formed of a material having high thermal conductivity and a wall thickness in the order of .0035 inch, said thermal sensitive portion being closely adjacent to the vicinity of said casing and-normally at a temperature a few degrees above room temperature due to heat conduction alongsaid narrow tube' and slightheat leakage thereto from within said casing, said thermal sensitive portion being more or less freelysuspended in the air so that said thermostatic element as a whole responds rapidly to changes in temperature, and said thermostatic element having a limited charge of a volatile fluid suiilcient to produce onhl saturated vapor therein at a predetermined temperature, so that the internal pressure developed within said thermostatic element at extremely hig-h temperatures above said predetermined temperature only increases slowly according to the ideal gas law.

fl. In combination with a control member to which movement is to be imparted,such control member normally being located in an enclosure in which the temperature of air is controlled responsive to the control member, a casing within which such member is located, a thermosta'tic elee ment comprising an expansible and contractible portion within said casing, a thermal sensitive portion outside said casing, and a. narrow tube connecting said expansible and contractlbleportion and said thermal sensitive portion, said contractible and expansible portion being operatively associated with the control member and constructed and'arranged to produce mechanical en-l ergy with changes of air temperature to impart vmovement to 'the control member, means include cause movement to be imparted to the control 70 member, said thermal sensitive portion Abeing more or less freely suspended in the air so that said thermostatic element as a whole responds rapidly to changes in air temperature, said thermostatic element having a limited charge of a in the order of 33035 inch, said thermal sensitive portion being closely adjacent to the vicinity o: said casing and normally at a temperature slightlyv above temperature of air in the enclosure due to heat conductivity along said narrow tube and slight heat leakage thereto from within said casing, the internal volume of said thermostatic element being as small as practicable and at the same time said expansible and contractible element being so proportioned -that adequate mechanical energy will be producedto cause operation of the control member, said thermal sensitive portion being more or less freely suspended in the air so that said thermostatic lelement as a mostatic element at extremely high temperatures above said predetermined higher temperature 10 only increases slowly according to the ideal gas law.l

' SVEN W. E, ANDERSSON. 

